Why the Water in a Nuclear Reactor Glows Blue

In science fiction movies, nuclear reactors and nuclear materials always glow. While movies use special effects, the glow is based on scientific fact. For example, the water surrounding nuclear reactors actually does glow bright blue! How does it work? Its due to the phenomenon called Cherenkov Radiation. Cherenkov Radiation Definition What is Cherenkov radiation? Essentially, its like a sonic boom, except with light instead of sound. Cherenkov radiation is defined as the electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle moves through a dielectric medium faster than the velocity of light in the medium. The effect is also called Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation or Cerenkov radiation. Its named after Soviet physicist Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, together with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm, for experimental confirmation of the effect. Cherenkov had first noticed the effect in 1934, when a bottle of water exposed to radiation glowed with blue light. Although not observed until the 20th century and not explained until Einstein proposed his theory of special relativity, Cherenkov radiation had been predicted by English polymath Oliver Heaviside as theoretically possible in 1888. How Cherenkov Radiation Works The speed of light in a vacuum in a constant (c), yet the speed at which light travels through a medium is less than c, so its possible for particles to travel through the medium faster than light, yet still slower than the speed of light. Usually, the particle in question is an electron. When an energetic electron passes through a dielectric medium, the electromagnetic field is disrupted and electrically polarized. The medium can only react so quickly, though, so there is a disturbance or coherent shockwave left in the wake of the particle. One interesting feature of Cherenkov radiation is that its mostly in the ultraviolet spectrum, not bright blue, yet it forms a continuous spectrum (unlike emission spectra, which have spectral peaks). Why Water in a Nuclear Reactor Is Blue As Cherenkov radiation passes through the water, the charged particles travel faster than light can through that medium. So, the light you see has a higher frequency (or shorter wavelength) than the usual wavelength. Because there is more light with a short wavelength, the light appears blue. But, why is there any light at all? Its because the fast-moving charged particle excites the electrons of the water molecules. These electrons absorb energy and release it as photons (light) as they return to equilibrium. Ordinarily, some of these photons would cancel each other out (destructive interference), so you wouldnt see a glow. But, when the particle travels faster than light can travel through the water, the shock wave produces constructive interference that you see as a glow. Use of Cherenkov Radiation Cherenkov radiation is good for more than just making your water glow blue in a nuclear lab. In a pool-type reactor, the amount of blue glow can be used to gauge the radioactivity of spent fuel rods. The radiation is used in particle physics experiments to help identify the nature of the particles being examined. It is used in medical imaging and to label and trace biological molecules to better understand chemical pathways. Cherenkov radiation is produced when cosmic rays and charged particles interact with the Earths atmosphere, so detectors are used to measure these phenomena, to detect neutrinos, and to study gamma-ray-emitting astronomical objects, such as supernova remnants. Fun Facts About Cherenkov Radiation Cherenkov radiation can occur in a vacuum, not just in a medium like water. In a vacuum, the phase velocity of a wave decreases, yet the charged particle velocity remains closer to (yet less than) the speed of light. This has a practical application, as it is used to produce high power microwaves.If relativistic charged particles strike the vitreous humor of the human eye, flashes of Cherenkov radiation may be seen. This can occur from exposure to cosmic rays or in a nuclear criticality accident.

On His Blindness by John Milton (1655) - 1102 Words

ENG125: Introduction to Literature (GSH1140E) Instructor: Julie Alfaro October 24, 2011 What is poetry? According to the author Clugston (2010) poetry is everything the poet sees. Also according to Clugston (2010) â€Å"poetry is everything the poet senses, feels, experiences, and imagines†. Poems are built around human life experiences but written in concise and expressive figurative language form which could sometimes be difficult to understand. Not only is poetry based on human life experiences, poetry is also written to capture the reader’s attention and at the same time requires the reader to explore the poet’s imaginations. Basically, â€Å"poetry is an expression of the human spirit† (Clugston, 2011). As a result, the poem â€Å"On His†¦show more content†¦In the beginning, the first eight lines present a troubling matter about blindness. In these first eight lines, there seems to be confusion and frustration. But although the poem expresses a sad, confused, and frustrated mood, there seems to be no contradiction in what the author is feeling and what he is trying to covey. Towards the latter part of his poem, the author has come to accept the fact that he is blind. His faith in God has not diminished even though he is now blind. This self-realization and self-acceptance creates an understanding tone verses an angry tone. Lastly, the content or the message of the poem was engaging because it is a poem about a true life experience. When reading this poem and feeling the author’s frustration about being blind, yet accepting what is inevitable, it is truly amazing to see how strong he is. Although the poem was on blindness, the poet also uses words in ways they are not normally used in order to create a distinct, imaginative effect or impression throughout the poem. The poem was difficult to understand at first due to the diverse vocabularies and due to the lack of understanding poems. However, as the poem is dissected and researched, a clearer picture was developed. After reading this poem, my overall impression of the format, the tone, and the content of the poem has helped me to have a better understanding of the struggles that we go through in life. Sometimes we encounter obstacles and

Lesson Plan Learning Classroom

Question: Discuss about theLesson Planfor Learning Classroom. Answer: Introduction With the advancements of technology, a wide range of technological tools have been available for using in the language teaching and learning classroom. In some situations using technology has been the primary requirement in the language teaching classroom in several parts in the world. However, it has been a prime subject for debate whether technological use is relevant in the language teaching or not (Chun, Smith and Kern 2016). From the findings of Assessment 1, it is clear that using technology in the language teaching environment can be significant as technology allows the students to access the online setting to communicate internationally. This communication also helps the student to be competent enough for the cross cultural interaction. Also in the learning programs students can be able to learn materials using significant software. The effective use of technology integrated lesson plans will put the students in a better place in the learning process and will empower the stud ents by fostering the innovation and creativity and will enhance the communication and cross cultural collaboration (Grgurovi?, Chapelle and Shelley 2013). Lesson Plan The lesson plan shows how technology can be used in the language teaching classroom. It can be used as a powerful teaching tool in the classroom setting and it can be of help and focus on the development of the students depending on the application. This lesson plan contains five plans that will enhance the learning abilities of the students. Online Videos and Music In the language teaching classroom music and videos will be very much effective tools for the students and the teachers as well. Most of the times, the students are not able to sustain their abilities on the enlightenment from the textbooks. If they are provided with constant reinforcement from the authentic internet sources the learning process will be improved. In a language learning setting, if the students listen to the native speakers of a certain language, it will be easier for them to pick up the grammar patterns, new phrases and other language essentials. This will help them to focus on understanding the new language they are learning. Also audio listening practices can be very much helpful for the students as well. Therefore music and video will be a constructive practice for the students. The pictures, gestures and other intonations will supply the students several contextual clues which cannot be received only from the classroom teaching environment. Educational Websites There are several useful websites that can be used as the authentic sources in the language teaching. They are Quizlet- It is a powerful learning platform which is created on the basis of tried and true memorization device. There are flash cards and sets of flash cards can be used for grammar and vocabulary teaching. Students can have access to ample numbers of sets from the archive and browse by specific languages. FluentU- This website teaches the languages using authentic materials like music, news, movies and other videos. The primary advantage of the website is that it ensures that the materials are culturally relevant and recent. The website is designed to make the students familiar with foreign language vocabulary in a friendly way. It will provide interactive captions which will let the students see definitions, necessary images, and audio examples with a specific word. Any native language content is easily available in the website with the help of interactive transcripts. Using these websites in the classroom can be very much valuable for the language learning process. Collaborative Tools In a language learning process, the learning outcomes are considered to be the most significant one. While learning a language both the spoken and written forms are necessary to learn. There are numbers of collaborative tools available on the internet that enhances the language learning process, such as social media, Google documents, blogs etc. Social media helps the students to interact with native speakers of certain language which can be of help. In addition to that, liking community pages or creating a group of peers will help the students to interact more in the language to improve their language skills. Also platforms like Wordpress and Tumblr provide a great platform for the students for interaction and the advanced students can brace their learning there. Applications for Tablets and Smart Phones The teachers can motivate the learners to lookout for the supplementary materials which will help to diversify their learning experience. In this lesson plan, three applications are mentioned which can be recommended to the students, FluentU, DuoLingo and Memrise. Duolingo is designed for the beginner students and will teach the basics, however, it also works as a review for the significant vocabulary and grammar topics. As discussed earlier, FluentU provides an outstanding platform to the students and the teachers at the same time. It has ample numbers of trailers, music, video, quiz and other authentic language learning materials for the students. Memrise has a composition of hundreds of carefully selected phrases and words in the target language. Video Conferencing Language and culture both are internally connected, therefore it is essential for the students to learn about the culture of the target language as well. Through video conferencing the teachers can provide a detailed cultural context for the students. The approach to the culture can work as a motivational tool for the reluctant learners. The cultural exposure might be difficult to provide in a classroom setting but the modern technology has made it easier. Online chat applications like Skype can provide interacting with native speakers of the target language which can be very much effective for the students. Justification of Using Technology in the Language Learning Process Technology is now a significant part of the language learning process in many parts of the world. In the lesson plan frames several usages of technology in the classroom setting. Using these innovative technologies for the language learning improve the process of interaction between the students and teachers. Also the use of technology makes the learners to work independently and take the necessary steps in the learning process (Golonka et al. 2014). Several researchers argue that students cannot learn the language on the basis of the inputs, therefore it is necessary for them to engage in interactions with native speakers, also the group interactions between the students make great impact on the learning process (Blake 2013). In terms of the involvement of technology in the language learning process, it works as the word processors and allow the students to work in the language. The students go through a process of creation and re-creation of the contents until it is entirely compre hensible and accurate. With the help of technology, students can have a draft of the language and show it to the teachers and their peers, and with the help of the feedback they can make necessary improvements. The prescribed tools in the lesson plan are effective in checking the grammar and vocabulary of the target language. Technology makes the procedure of learning a lot easier for the beginners, also for the ones who want further advancements in the language. In some situation, finding native speakers of the target language can be quite difficult for the course makers, however, technology makes the practice of spoken language a lot easier. If the teachers can link the students with other speakers of the language using the technological tools such as video conferencing by Skype or social media, it gives an active support to the students in learning the language (Beatty 2013). The technological tools mediate the language learning process letting the students out internationally and providing the necessary feedbacks to them. Another help that the students get from the use of technology in the language learning is the project works. Active use of the target language encourages the students to learn more things about the target language culture. If the teachers motivate the learners to work on their areas of interest in the language or other topics that have been included in the language curriculum, it will work as a wonderful way to improve the language skills. Reading and listening to materials online can help the students actively. Not only the students, but also the teachers are also benefitted with the use of technology in the curriculum (Lai and Morrison 2013). Technology makes their teaching process a lot easier. However, there is also a different opinion about using the technology. Many claim that the teachers may face students who are more digitally competent than them. This has a possibility of creating a challenging situation in the classroom setting and it may discourage the teachers from using the technological tools in the language teaching process. Conclusion The rate of technological change provides several online experiences to the students. The lesson plan includes all the potential usage of technology in the language learning classroom. These strategies are based on theories of learning which indicates the usefulness of providing diverse experiences to the learners and the effective impact of active interactions with the native speakers of the target language. The teachers will also continue developing their understanding about the language learning and the use of technological tools in the curriculum. Reference List and Bibliography Beatty, K., 2013.Teaching researching: Computer-assisted language learning. Routledge. Benson, P., 2013.Teaching and researching: Autonomy in language learning. Routledge. Blake, R.J., 2013.Brave new digital classroom: Technology and foreign language learning. Georgetown University Press. Chun, D., Smith, B. and Kern, R., 2016. Technology in language use, language teaching, and language learning.The Modern Language Journal,100(S1), pp.64-80. Godwin-Jones, R., 2013. Integrating intercultural competence into language learning through technology.Language Learning Technology,17(2), pp.1-11. Golonka, E.M., Bowles, A.R., Frank, V.M., Richardson, D.L. and Freynik, S., 2014. Technologies for foreign language learning: a review of technology types and their effectiveness.Computer Assisted Language Learning,27(1), pp.70-105. Grgurovi?, M., Chapelle, C.A. and Shelley, M.C., 2013. A meta-analysis of effectiveness studies on computer technology-supported language learning.ReCALL,25(02), pp.165-198. Hubbard, P., 2013. Making a case for learner training in technology enhanced language learning environments.Calico Journal,30(2), pp.163-178. Kukulska?Hulme, A., 2013. Mobile?Assisted Language Learning.The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Lai, C. and Morrison, B., 2013. Towards an agenda for learner preparation in technology-enhanced language learning environments.CALICO Journal,30(2), pp.154-162. Levy, M. and Stockwell, G., 2013.CALL dimensions: Options and issues in computer-assisted language learning. Routledge. Mitchell, R., Myles, F. and Marsden, E., 2013.Second language learning theories. Routledge.

The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) Review Essay Example

The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) Review Paper Essay on The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) Priznatcya honest, I no longer live with the thought of suicide. We can say this is one of the most lucid and global thinking that accompanies me in my life. And there is this surprising, because it is an integral part of the triumvirate, in which it helps to dominate and life and death. I would say more. Suicide fad I even helps to live. In the darkest moments mindset, I easily I measure the world is there beside me at least someone for whom I would like to continue its existence. And that someone always was. That someone could be a long time, those who-ing could be several, the one you could leave his post, but leave the receiver. The main thing is that this one has been, is and hopefully will be. We will write a custom essay sample on The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The author speaks of his work as a rare representative of the literature on suicide in our country. Of course, it stipulates that it is not necessary to consider his book as a scientific manual. And for good reason. Despite the large number of great style, and a little of the authors gag Chhartishvilli in the first half of the book organizes and summarizes the information related to suicidology Most of the book, he describes the various theories to explain why people choose the last step on their own. (and, believe me, the point of view there is more than enough). And only at the end of the book he speaks directly to writers suicide as a class. Although the writer as the object of study as drozofilla is used throughout the book A lot of gloomy stories, many references to autobiographical works that help us trace razvitiemyslipisatelya potential suicide victims.. Many scientific socio-psychological theories, and, as might be expected, no specific conclusions. Chhartishvilli recognized in the final, that the book was his attempt to answer the question suicide is good or bad, acceptable or not? And as a man, I think wise Chhartishvilli give accurate, recent, definitive answer can not Written exciting language, so do not want to keep reading about things, not only bleak, but also cataloged encyclopedic book. does not let go. The set includes a small volume Encyclopedia literaturitsida where the heroes of the author are listed in alphabetical order, are equipped with a curriculum vitae The Writer and Suicide is a very important flaw in any medical encyclopedia -. It can not be read distantly. A lot of the symptoms are and at home. Here for example, the author refers to the fact that the owls who find it difficult to get up in the morning and who spend the morning in a bad frame of mind, often snapping at neighbors, are more prone to suicide The clock is now 2.: thirty. In the morning I will snap. P.S. The book has been described many reasons why people left out of life. But the most incredible death seemed to me in the name of logic. When the thinker, the philosopher, having weighed all pro and contra came by logical reasoning in the dignity of death, and without hesitation put QED under his own evidence. And you, what are the reasons most do not understand? The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) Review Essay Example The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) Review Paper Essay on The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) There are books that are simply and intelligibly talk about wordly things. Why so interested in the literary environment of the author? Is the general population is less than suicide? Can I bring any formulas that explain why among German writers more than suicide? Whether it is possible and whether to classify literary suicide need? All of these questions trying to find Mr. Chkhartishvili. As he later admitted, book was not easy and so much pushed him into the abyss, that he, in order not to surrender to the temptation, enticing began writing detective stories about Fandorin. Facts and interpretations. Hemingway and Zweig, Gary and Mishima, and Drunina AK Tolstoy . We all had a different life. What united? What has brought to the line? Diseases? Yes, illness. When you suffer from physical pain, and about anything else you can not think, think about death deliverance. Old age? Of course, old age. When you were young and beautiful, and became feeble and weak, you think about death the salvation. Unhappy love? Of course, love a strong sense, and if it is doomed to vulgarity or death, think about death but it concerns all of us mortals. What feature writers We will write a custom essay sample on The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Writer and Suicide (set of 2 books) Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The writers people without the skin, exposed nerves to live in pain. Yes, and they see the world differently. They, of course, the people, but the other: those who believe that they can step out of the seventh-floor window and fly (it is, in my opinion, an idea of ​​the poet Fet). That falling upside down Its thought, which prompted the book. It is still, in my opinion, about the man and suicide. Not a writer. Although I could be wrong.

History Book Review Mark Twain Roughing It Essay Example

History Book Review Mark Twain Roughing It Essay Mark Twain, Roughing It, New York City, Signet Classics, 1962, 448 pages, Appendix The book Roughing It is about the early journeys of Mark Twain is the west during the mining boom in Nevada and the Western States of the Union . Twain travels across the States to places such as St. Louis, San Francisco, and The Sandwich Islands in Hawaii. At the Beginning of the book Twain envisions that his brother will strike it big in the west. Later on he is offered a chance to accompany his brother in a journey to the west. Then the story of Slade comes it is about a man who killed another man in a fight and then fled from his home state of Illinois. He gained a reputation by fighting Indians which he than got a job as a agent with Overland. Twain then encounter alot of people along the to the Whiteman Cement Mine. The Whiteman Cement Mine was told to have a massive amount of gold. It was discover accidentally by the Germans. Near the end of the story Twain goes to Honolulu and is very drawn to the city and its vibrant colors. He spends 6 months there then comes back to San Francisco to be poor. We will write a custom essay sample on History Book Review Mark Twain Roughing It specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on History Book Review Mark Twain Roughing It specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on History Book Review Mark Twain Roughing It specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He than ended his 7 year journey there in San Francisco being a public speaker. This book had a very significant amount of content of the West United States. It really discribed Nevada and California from a early standpoint. There is numerous facts about the West and Mark Twain that i never knew about. It also has a very humorous tone to it Twain makes fun of the Western people. The Gold Rush is one of my favorite parts in U. S history and i found it very interesting on how Twain described it apart from the text books in school. Also the author Twain is a great american writer who hardly ever disappoints. The book did have some downside to it though. In the story it seemed like about of it was just ramblings about the story and would go off topic alot. Also this was a little to much information for just one book. I really think it should have been split up is to separate books. It also got very confusing and hard to follow near the end due to him going off topic and then jumping straight back into the story. The vocabulary used in this story is old western and very hard to follow in what was being said but not overly difficult. Lastly he doesnt touch alot on some of the more important subjects like government and politics as i would have though. Roughing it is based in the Western States mainly in California and Nevada and has a large amount of facts about those two states. The people who should read this are people who are taking a class on western history or California or Nevada history and just people who like western history in general. This is just a great book to explore the past vicariously through Twains writing.

Elementary School Requirements and Qualifications

Elementary School Requirements and Qualifications Becoming a teacher requires compassion, dedication, hard work and a lot of patience. If you want to teach in an elementary school, there are a few basic teacher qualifications that you will have to achieve. Education In order to teach in an elementary school classroom, prospective teachers must first get accepted into an education program and complete a bachelors degree. During this program, students typically are required to take several different courses on a range of topics. These topics may include educational psychology, childrens literature, specific math and methods courses, and classroom field experience. Each education program requires specific classes on how to teach for all the subject areas a teacher would cover. Student Teaching Student teaching is a crucial part of the education program. This is where students are required to gain hands-on experience by logging a specific amount of hours in the classroom. This allows the aspiring teachers to learn how to prepare lesson plans, manage a classroom and get an overall general experience on how it is to teach in a classroom. Licensing and Certification Although the requirements vary from state to state, each state does require that individuals must take and pass a general teaching exam and a content-specific exam on the subject they want to teach. Candidates that want to acquire a teaching license must hold a bachelors degree, have had a background check, and completed the teaching exams. All public schools require teachers to be licensed, but some private schools only require a college degree in order to teach. Background Check To ensure the safety of the children most states require teachers to be fingerprinted and undergo a criminal background check before they will hire a teacher. Continuing Education Once individuals have received a Bachelor of Science or Arts in Education, most go on to receive their Masters degree. A few states require that teachers receive their Masters degree in order to receive their tenure or professional license. This degree also places you in a higher pay scale and can position you in an advanced education role such as a school counselor or administrator. If you choose not to get your Masters degree, then teachers must still complete their continuing education each year. This varies by state and school district and may include seminars, specific training or taking additional college courses. Private Schools All public schools require teachers to be licensed, but some private schools only require a college degree in order to teach. Generally, prospective teachers do not need to meet state standards and have a teaching license in order to teach in a private school. With this said, private school teachers usually do not make as much money as public school teachers. Essential Skills/Duties Elementary school teachers must possess the following skills: Have patienceBe able to collaborate with other teachersExplain new conceptsEngage students in learningManage classroomAdapt lessonsWork with diverse backgroundsBe a leaderCommunicate and interact with parents, teachers, and studentsSolve problems that may ariseFacilitate social relationshipsServe as a role modelSupervise activitiesAttend seminars and meetingsDeliver instruction based on individual needs Getting Ready to Apply for Jobs Once you have completed all of your teacher requirements, you are now ready to start looking for a job. Use the following articles below to help you before you begin your search. Landing Your First Teaching JobDeveloping a Professional Teaching PortfolioBasics of a Teacher Resume

External vs. Internal Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

External vs. Internal Recruitment - Essay Example Recruitment refers to the process of locating potential applicants and encouraging them to apply for the anticipated or existing job openings. In simple words recruitment strategies are adopted with the purpose of creating a group of qualified, experienced and skilled people beforehand so that selection processes becomes easier and effective. In other words, recruitment is all about finding the right people in the right place at the right time with the right price. The entire recruitment process involves five key steps. These are preparing, selecting the recruiter, sourcing the candidates, taking legislative aspects into consideration and selecting the methods to be applied. The preparation process involves deciding on the various alternatives of recruitments. Sourcing of candidates might be done through consultants, the internet, and advertising. Each and every recruitment exercise can be considered as an opportunity of analyzing the job, updating person specification and describing the job. The main objective of any recruitment process is to ensure the presence of adequate and effective staffs in the organization. To guarantee this, appropriate people must be made aware of the existing job opportunities and efforts must be taken to make sure to these vacancies are properly filled. There are internal recruitment and external recruitment. Between the two the one that would be chosen depends on human resource policies, organizational strategies, financial condition and employee morale.

The life of Paulo Mars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The life of Paulo Mars - Essay Example He would often go on the streets to beg and steal for hunger and the pale and sullen face of his mother drove him mad. In his mind’s eye he bred the dream of a life denied to him. When the Mercedes Benz dashed on the roadside his eyes snore. When he was caught pick pocketing and battered by the crowd the dying cinders of angst and revolt caught fire deep within his soul. Why should everybody else have everything and he nothing? Why should only he live a life of denial and death? Why should the people who live in skyscraping towers, who wear silk and satin and eat the Manna sent by God and he go empty stomach for many days and nights. Strangely and more mysteriously the life of Creme-de-la creme (upper classes) held a charm for him a deadly charm which would enmesh his whole life, his whole existence. When Paulo grew up the secret whisperer into his soul found a way. He sold himself to the devil by joining the drug trafficking racket. It promised him instant money, money the wi ndow to all that he dreamed, all that he desired. He struck a deal with nearby drug pedling guys who would give him the cocaine and hash which he would just have to transfer to a guy in a big white cabin in return he would get loads and loads of money. One fine morning he was supposed to pack on his body loads of cocaine and then cover up with a long jacket and over coat.

Classical culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classical culture - Essay Example Thus, this paper considers even further if Christian influence positively affected European history as it is expected or if it did more harm to the nation than good. Christianity speaks about love, justice and humanity. These are important considerations not only socially but also politically. Therefore, for people in the past and today, this is expected to have a good influence in individuals and in groups of people as well. Quite profoundly, Europe’s history shows the actualization of this Roman Catholic doctrine as the patriarch did his best in making warring nations come to friendly terms. At a time when the nations were at war, it has been a good thing that the Roman Catholic Church was there to advocate peace and brotherly love, an act which cooled down arguments and put some sense in the heads of hot-tempered leaders. The rise of Christian power also opened the way to the arguments about equality which nearly led to the abolishment of slavery in Medieval Europe. Such liberal thoughts consequently resulted to scholars and studies which has become the foundations of modern researches. This means that Christianity did not only affect the political realms of Europe but it also influenced its economic and educational advancements. Nevertheless, despite the positive changes Christianity brought along to the nation, it has affected it negatively as well. The world has become familiar about the information on European Christians who used their membership to the church to exploit non-Christians. There were several deaths that occurred in the name of Christianity, considering the victims as evils who were doomed with their religion and cultural backgrounds. Once again, they re-lived the lives of ancient Biblical accounts of wars and claimed that it is but right for them to kill non-Christians as popular characters in the Bible have done. This is also perhaps the reason why

Political Ecology Has Come Of Age Geography Essay

Political Ecology Has Come Of Age Geography Essay Political ecology is by no means a new concept. As a theory it produces a complex framework of understanding into the relationships between political, economic and social environments and the effect these relations have on environmental development and protection, developing common ground where disciplines can intersection (Greenburg and Park (1994).   The nature of political ecology can be so broadly defined that as a field of research has developed, no one definition has been substantiated in order to fully characterise the assertion towards collective considerations of society and nature. Although the adaptation and expansion of this body of knowledge continues to create a broader sub-context in which geographic and development studies are practiced, creating greater obstacles in its theoretical classification, Robbins (2004) defines political ecology as, ‘empirical, research based explorations to explain linkages in the condition and change of social/environmental systems , with explicit considerations of relations of power.   The emphasis placed on political ecology is to provide a sense of connectedness within a field that traditional sees the sum of its parts divided into different areas of definition and implication. As the study of the importance of political ecology by Stott and Sullivan (2000) has shown that by identifying the political circumstances that forced people into activities which caused environmental degradation, in the absence of alternative possibilities, there is a need to illustrate the political dimensions of environmental narratives and in deconstructing particular narratives, to suggest that accepted ideas of degradation and deterioration may not be simple linear trends to predominate.   This approach to geographic thinking provides the academic field with a further dimension of theoretical application but as to whether its use has truly ‘come of age remains a contested issue within academia and the wider world of representative approaches to environmental conservation and positive action towards sustainability. This essay will concentrate on deconstructing whether this critical approach to human-environmental relations has broken the barriers to understanding political, human and environmental interactions in a wider social context. This will be achieved through the examination of critiques within the approach, taking into account the important questions of whose history and whose knowledge is being represented and elements of contested theory and implication that cause problematic outcomes on the global stage of development. Whilst developing this argument, also being taken into consideration will be the contribution political ecology has had within and towar ds development and development studies, in order to establish what the role and emphasis is of resulting work that the approach of political ecology has in the ever expanding field of critical development, evaluating, as noted by Muldavin (2008), ‘where ‘we have been in the past, where we are today, and where we may be going in the future and whether political ecology can ever manifest itself within a structured and conclusive framework or whether the approach will only suffice to be ‘all things to all people (Blaikie, 2008). The field of political ecology is vast, through which the addition to theoretical impact through the development of effective frameworks creating limitless boundaries toward disciplinary input where the flexible and adaptive form found within political ecology has allow new and diverse currents of thought within a positivist framework. When considering whether political ecology has come of age, although there are continual debates over the theoretical and methodological implications towards the approaches undertaken by the academy, overlooking these momentarily, it becomes clear that in an age where environmental protection, conservation and the development of long term ‘green policy is the most predominant topic on policy makers minds, it would be clear to identify the intermediate coming of age of the discipline, despite its continual critique. Arguably, although the approach itself, suffers from what Muldavin (2008) describes as ‘boundaries of ignorance that allow unru ly practices to be maintained and reproduced, the controversial subjection of theory and practice leads to a continual critical reassessment of the approaches implications to form continually renewed policy, although criticised for its lack of engagement with practical problem solving (Walker, 2006). The issues of multi-discipline connectedness and the increasing need for social and environmental synergy brings the issues undertaken by aspects of political ecology to occupy the central stage (Peet and Watts, 2004) of global environmental politics and civil society debates. In order to overcome institutionalized system of knowledge the issues raised in the expansion of political ecology debate has allowed for the production of space for thought, opening up discussion toward how discourse formation and representativeness in the present and towards the future to shape policy and practice in order to drive political ecology to form positive regulation of global commons. Developments within the field of political ecology have been vast over the last forty years, with particular emphasis being placed, in the last decade, on what Bebbington (2003) terms ‘theorizing up (Walker, 2006). As previous environmental narratives are questioned, the ability to ‘theorize up seek ways to ascertain the significance of such studies in broader development concerns, (Walker, 2006) where the approach to political ecology represents an integration of environmental knowledge and social justice that is not yet fully adopted or understood in all environmental debate (Forsyth, 2008). Through this stand point the ability to create suitable space in which to consider social participation in environment development and conservation through the implementation of local initiatives can be utilized. As argued by Simon (2003) for the need of balanced integrated attention to the biophysical/environmental and social political realms at different scales, in order to approp riately analyse the formulation of discourse. Much work has been undertaken to deconstruct commonly assumed environmental narratives and the diversity within the field through interdisciplinary connection and ‘hybrid knowledge or ‘discourse coalitions (Latour, 1993; Hajer, 1995; Blaikie, 2008) that have allowed the formulation of theory and methodology to remain lucid and adaptable to change.   However, although as argued by Watts (2003) the diversity of political ecology should be celebrated, its position in the world outside the academy of [political ecologist] thought provides a bleak landscape of complex terminology and distant solutions bound in red tape. Many political ecologists argue the concept of ‘non-equilibrium ecology (Forsyth, 2008) as the production of long term policy solutions made due to space-time factors.   With this in mind the assessment of political ecology developments dealing with issues such as access, the effect of institutions on vulnerable societies and the increasing emergence of women in development studies need to be taken into consideration. In the past access and control of resources in environment conservation continues to produce a divide in the politics of knowledge production in the global North and South. Although the work of political ecology seeks to understand and further develop the connections between social networks and the natural environment through its interaction with government and non-government lead organisations, the approach has been problematic from its beginning. Peet and Watts (2004) identify a fundamental flaw through the polarization of the â€Å"haves† and the â€Å"have nots†, where an emphasis on the effects of poverty on environment impact has been inherently linked to the causes of degradation in vulnerable areas in need for conservation, focusing heavily on third world and developing countries, which sees negative impacts on the environment fall into a ‘blaming the victim approach within social scientific concerns (Peet and Watts, 2004).   This approach arguably reinf orces post-colonial/post-structuralideologies of power and control over resources, through the reproduction of authority where knowledge toward global environmental management is encoded through institutionalised forms of knowledge rhetoric. These theoretical stand points allow for the rationalization of certain types of conclusion or outcome, whilst justifying change to traditional interaction with the environment including enclosure, exclusion and displacement of particular groups within a society.   The implication of this ideological, knowledge certification sees the privilege of particular forms of knowledge and power through which policy and practice toward further environmental trajectories are planned and applied. Although the production of knowledge and policy is important on a global scale, within particular western frameworks of progressive development policy, questions that should be consider include to whom does the policy speak? Whose history, whose science is being institutionalised and privileged and why? Although it is clear certain material impact push particular bands of knowledge into the foreground of discussion; the discourse of development and political ecology, the issues of scale and region variability inevitably become blurred within a colonial sense of restriction and a prescribed vision of what nature and environmental ‘wilderness should be, rather than development. Due to the nature of power allocation within development, diverse actors tend not to provide solutions but continue to allocate blame to local land users, with institutional development moving towards alleviating and helping the poor rather than supporting them through long term policy implementation, what Vayda and Walters (1999) argue produces a limitless capacity [for political ecologists] to neither verify their subject of scrutiny nor to have understood the complex and contingent interconnections of factors whereby environmental changes are produced (Forsyth, 2008). Through the consideration of access to resources and institutions, the notion of privileged knowledge assertion and limited access toward political production and resource affirmation, a major development to be considered within conservation management and political ecology is the role of women in development (Jewitt and Kumar, 2004; Robbins, 2004). Women are traditionally depicted to have a close, maternal connection with nature. Though this connection womens closeness to nature aids the development of comprehensive agro-ecological knowledge and environmental management practices (Shiva, 1988) that are restricted due to reduced mobility within society and ecological theory production and more disadvantaged by development programmes (Jewitt and Kumar, 2004) and disproportionately represented among the poor, as a homogenous group. Theory toward the construction of a special relationship between women and the environment has previously been detrimental to the development of consistent policy construction toward scale of social movements in ecological conservation, in this sense, the deconstruction of environment narratives by examining wider inequalities in the division of labour towards ‘discourse sensitivity (Jewitt and Kumar, 2004) to support and collaborate (Rocheleau, 2008). The example of Joint Forestry Management in India by Jewitt and Kumar (2004) of the possible developments political theory could bring to development strategies is positive but also there are empirical problems that are interwoven in this collaboration with political ecology as a whole, including the lack of assessment toward whether theory can be effectively put into practice on the ground and whether their effectiveness through diverse communities can be achieved. Although the implications political ecology brings to the surface are very urgent and relevant, toward the development of necessary development and conservation policy, issues which are at the heart of present political, economic, cultural and social debate, its inherent complexities provide problematic understanding and expansion as to whether although in terms of its importance and theoretical distinction, the approach has become more grounded and come of age within academic discussion. On the wider, more global stage its concepts of development and conservation theory, although poignant, fail to provide a consistence material solution to aid positive outcomes for conservation development. As argued by Robbins (2004) political ecology is too focused on the broadly defined ‘underdeveloped world and posits the environment as a finite source of basic unchanging and essential elements, which set absolute limits for human action. However intuitive, this assumption has proven histo rically false and conceptually flawed. When considering the implications of political ecology as a critical approach to human-environmental relations, although it is important to consider the approach as a construction of meaning and justification for social and cultural implications on a multilayered scaled, the approach consequentially leads to complexities and problematic understanding. These inconsistencies begin with the problem of a definition that can be transformed to fit different meanings, inevitably creating obstacle to development and environmental justice.   The inability to connect with the wider world due to the diversity of complex notions of theory, devalue the benefit of the connectedness to other disciplines as the pool of thought is limited to a few. Although keen to move toward grounded engagement with the production of integrated social and environmental knowledge toward consistent policy (as seen through the work of Blaikie) ‘the dependency on single stories (in local level research analysis ) reduces the likelihood of influencing many bodies (Bebbington, 2003; Walker, 2004). Although the emphasis on cultural value is present in research, scaling up solutions from snap shots of research data can see many issues lost or lessened. Despite trying to diversify land based initiatives e.g. through donor site programmes, changes have seen movement away from policy based initiatives. The reproduction of knowledge as power, the allocation of privileged theory and the reproduction of poverty and inequality still remains challenging, as argued by Robbins (2004) who states the assertion that superior environmental knowledge originates in the global north for transfer to the global south is problematic due to the reproduction of colonial knowledge and discounting of indigenous knowledge and participation of local communities. Also within this framework of ‘knowledge as power is the production of ‘wild landscapes working towards conservation initiatives under the initiative of nature as a commodity, which introduces new levels of ambiguity and problematic methodological within the field of development studies and political ecology practices. As cited by Marx, ‘even society as a whole, a nation, or all existing societies put together, are not owners of the Earth. They are merely its occupants, its users; and like good caretakers, they must hand it dow n improved to subsequent generations (Peet and Watts, 2004).   Although, in many instances the commodification of natural resources e.g. the introduction of private parks has created conservation zones, the ethics and highly problematic issues attached to this type of land acquirement has produced environmental conflict. Commodification of land and nature are arguably an expansion of the colonial state, which see the development of an argument where people are removed by state intervention [inherently linked to political ecology (Peet and Watts, 2004)] leaving land to be managed by external structures and nature to be socially constructed causing problems for indigenous groups. Although political ecology approaches are trying to provide a mode of explanation towards engaging nature and political dimensions between human environment relations, they very rarely accomplish a distinctive and workable solution. In conclusion, although the body of knowledge that political ecology produces is highly relevant in modern perceptions towards the urgency of resource dilemmas, the seclusion of the theoretical approach which is confined to non-material based responses to environmental conservation is highly problematic. Although it is argued political ecology has come of age, in definition, the unity of the approach with wider debate still remains marginal to the broader field of development. Blaikie (2008) argues the importance of stabilising political ecology through a more aggressive institutionalization at college and university level. This could be argued as contradictory considering the need and importance of transition to a more decentralised applications of knowledge, through the further inclusion of indigenous knowledge systems and the compromise of researchers and theorists to accommodate the needs of local individuals in order to not displace the values and priorities of communities on th e ground considering the need to further institutionalise theory as stated by Blaikie to make political ecology ‘work. Therefore, it could then be stated that unlike the rediscovery of geography (Muldavin, 2008), political ecology still has many complexities to consider and overcome in order to promote positive impacts towards future environmental development that would result in greater representativeness of the approach in the global arena.   References: Agrawal, A. (2008) The Role of Local Institutions in Adaptation to climate change. Social Dimensions of Climate Change, Social Development Department, The World Bank, March 5-6 Blaikie, P. (2008) Epilogue: Towards a future for political ecology that works. Geoforum 39, 765-772 Forsyth, T. (2008) Political Ecology and the epistemological of social justice, Geoforum 39, 756-764 Greenburg, J.B. and Park, T.K. (1994) ‘Political ecology, Journal of Political Ecology 1 Hajer, M. (1995) in Forsyth, T. (2008) Political Ecology and the epistemological of social justice, Geoforum 39, 756-764 Jewitt, S. and Kumar, S. (2004) ‘A political ecology of forest management: gender and silvicultural knowledge in the Jharkhand, India in Stott, P., Sullivan, S. (2000) ‘Political Ecology: Science, Myth and Power. Arnold: London Latour, R. (1993) in Forsyth, T. (2008) Political Ecology and the epistemological of social justice, Geoforum 39, 756-764 Marx, Capital, vol.1 in Peet, R., Watts, M. (2004) Liberation Ecologies: Environment, development, social movements. Second Edition, Routledge: Oxon Muldavin, J. (2008) ‘The time and place for political ecology: An introduction to the articles honouring the life work of Piers Blaikie. Geoforum 39, 687-697 Peet, R. and Watts, M. (2004) Liberation Ecologies: Environment, development, social movements. Second Edition, Routledge: Oxon Pepper, D., Webster, F. and Revill, G. (2003) Environmentalism: Critical concepts. Routledge: London Robbins, P.(2004) ‘Political Ecology: A critical introduction. Blackwell Publishing: UK Rocheleau, D.E. (2008) Political ecology in the key of policy: From Chains of explanation to webs of reaction. Geoforum 39, 716 727 Shiva, V. (1988) cited in Jewitt, S., Kumar, S. (2004) ‘A political ecology of forest management: gender and silvicultural knowledge in the Jharkhand, India in Stott, P., Sullivan, S. (2000) ‘Political Ecology: Science, Myth and Power. Arnold: London Simon, D. (2008) ‘Political Ecology and development: Intersections, explorations, and challenges arising from the work of Piers Blaikie. Geoforum 39, 698-707 Stott, P. and Sullivan, S. (2000) ‘Political Ecology: Science, Myth and Power. Arnold: London Vayda, P. and Walters. (1999) Against political ecology. Human ecology, 27 (1) 1-18 in Peet, R., Watts, M. (2004) Liberation Ecologies: Environment, development, social movements. Second Edition, Routledge: Oxon Walker, P. A. (2006) ‘Political ecology: Where is the Policy? Progress in Human Geography 30 (3), 382-395 Watts, M. J. (2003) For political ecology, unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley in Walker, P. A. (2006) ‘Political ecology: Where is the Policy? Progress in Human Geography 30 (3), 382-395 Zimmerer, K.S., Bassett, T.J. (2003) Political Ecology: An integrative approach to geography and environment development studies. The Guildford Press: New York

Biooo

Joaquin B. Agony, Glacial S. Beanie (14 August 2014) (21 August 2014) l. Introduction Microscopes and the field of Science are two inseparable things. Almost all Sciences are associated with the use of a microscope, a device use to view objects which are not visible to the naked eye. The term microscope came from the Greek term â€Å"Micros† which means â€Å"small† and â€Å"Spoken† which means â€Å"to examine† (Vocabulary. Com, 2014).Today, microscopes are of great importance especially on the field of Biological Science. One of its major use is to determine the sizes of microorganisms which are of great importance in understanding certain biological phenomena. Getting the actual size of microscopic objects such as microorganisms using calibrated eyepiece micrometer is termed micrometer (Echoic, et. Al. , 2000). It is important for investigators across a number of disciplines. A biologist, for example, needs to know the exact size of two organisms to pr ovide an intelligent comparison (I. E.Almoner). The intent of this activity is to create an awareness in proper handling techniques ND correct use of a microscope to students pursuing courses in the field of Biological Sciences. This activity is also intended to teach students microscope calibration techniques. II. Materials and Methods To able to obtain the exact measurement of a specimen, the ocular micrometer should be calibrated first. By doing so, the calibration constant (C) is obtained. To get the calibration constant, a stage micrometer, an ocular micrometer and a microscope is used.The ocular micrometer was placed inside the ocular lens of the microscope and the stage micrometer on the stage. The field was adjusted so that a line in the ocular micrometer is superimposing a line in the stage micrometer. Once this was set, the number of divisions in both micrometers from the first superimposing lines to the next line that superimposed was counted. The number of divisions in t he stage micrometer was divided by the divisions in the ocular micrometer. The quotient was multiplied by pm.The product obtained was the calibration constant. The calibration constant was determined in each of the objective lenses of the microscope. Once the ocular micrometer was calibrated, the pessimism were viewed and measured. The correct measurement was obtained by counting the ocular micrometer divisions occupied by the specimen and multiplying it by the calibration constant of the objective lens used. The deviation between the measurement should only appear on the decimal places of the figure. Ill. Results and Discussion Table 1. Calibration Constant Under Different Microscope Objective Lenses Table 1. 0 shows the summary for the computed calibration constant under the high power objective (HOP) and the the low power objective (LOOP). Under the HOP, the umber of divisions in the ocular micrometer between the two superimposing lines is four while on the stage micrometer it is five. Dividing five by four, the value 1. 25 is obtained. This is not yet the calibration constant. The value 1. 25 should be multiplied by pm to get the C.

Reflection Paper On Erin Brokovich Essay

The movie entitled Erin Brokovich depicts a lesson that teaches us on true leadership, persistency against odds; motivating people, purpose, passion, corruption and how to deal with people to respond. This film is based on a true story on the real scenario of events about a woman who have been down on her luck, a single mother of three children, divorce twice and fallen near into the brink of poverty. But instead of hitting rock bottom, she manages to get up on her feet and fanatically demanded a job at a law firm of Ed Masry who she feels indebted to her after failing her car accident case where she will not take no for an answer. Her fiery and stubborn personality wins her a place as an office clerk on the law firm and while working she uncovers a strange file of real estate documents which include medical records. Curious as to why a real estate file would contain medical documents, she begins to research the case further with having to persuade her boss on the case. And with the turn of events that happens from being a small case turns into the largest monumental gigantic case of settlements in a lifetime. The story goes on depicting the darkest aspect of the business world with PG&E as its center of attention on the dispute. The behaviors of PG&E exhibit issues that are unethical that is being practice in the business world thus damaging the image it instills in the portrayal in the actual light of reality. PG&E is a powerful billion dollar company; they are the giants in the industry that will trample on anyone who dares to cross with them, having money and powers are the evils of being shown. So from the start PG&E already deceive the community of Hinckley, California into giving false information and mislead them by their dishonesty. PG&E manipulates the people into thinking the chromium they use are safe and do not have anything to do with them, thus deceiving people just by means of making lots of money for themselves with no regards to the people who they have towards no conscience whatsoever on those who are involved will suffer painful consequences by their carelessness and se lfish actions. And in the middle of the process where many people from the community are starting to complaint these health like the Jensen’s because of health issues concerning through  illness, miscarriages, cancer and try to even the have nerve to cover it up with other excuses like poor dieting or genetics cause these diseases when the actual fact is that PG&E is clearly responsible but instead they insist saying it was the people’s own fault that they get sick in the first place and do not involve them. They were denying allegations against them even when they are clearly at fault. They even tried to bribe these people with money and pay for a doctor to examine them that tells these victims the chromium is not the reason for their health problems, an underhanded tactic indeed. I think that doctor was bribe as well. They even tried to bribe personnel within the law firm of Ed Masry to hide documents of data that can be used against them which was fortunate that Erin manages to find out in time and confront him stating on how he even sleeps at knowing others will suffer or worst die in the process. They cause these people to suffer and destroyed their livelihoods and health state severely as well as no regards also on polluting the environment especially the waters thus destroying it by their actions. The chromium they are using says are safe that claiming they do not used hexavalent chromium anymore which is clearly not the case otherwise. The deaths and illness of the people agonize through the leakage of poisons into the water supply. And they will continue on with this lie until a case is file against by Erin Brockovich and Ed Masry. They even tried to use the tactic of threatening Erin on a phone call to warn her and even her children that she must stop her snooping. The movie unfolds the story of the main female protagonist shows compassion in the mist the controversy and isn’t afraid to stand up to what is right in the face of a giant adversary that is PG&E who no one wants to dare to mess with. Erin Brockovich, who together with Ed Masry uncovered a major cover up of a health hazard resulting in one of the largest settlements. If they say that leaders must have the perseverance and a lot of good common sense then Erin Brokovich is the living embodiment of that. This woman, who has been an underdog in life, unjustly underestimated all her life by people around her, having no formal education of a college degree and lack of legal experience manages to bring a corporate giant down on its knees and landed a monumental settlement. She was no legal training but a formidable instinct. This heroine display a resilient and tenacious determination of extending her  help to others with no personal agenda of her own but for the sake of humanity and to feel compassion guided her to the truth which at the end really did happen. She is a true fighter.

Biography of Carl Sandburg

Biography of Carl Sandburg Carl Sandburg was an American poet who became widely known to the public not only for his poetry but for his multi-volume biography of Abraham Lincoln. As a literary celebrity, Sandburg was familiar to millions. He appeared on the cover of LIFE magazine in 1938, with the accompanying photo essay focused on his sideline as a collector and singer of American folk songs. After Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, he remarked that he would have been most happy had Carl Sandburg gotten the award. Fast Facts: Carl Sandburg Known For: Poet, literary celebrity, biographer of Abraham Lincoln, and collector and singer of American folk songsBorn: January 6, 1878 in Galesburg, IllinoisDied: July 22, 1967 in Flat Rock, North CarolinaParents: Clara Mathilda Anderson and August SandbergSpouse: Lillian SteichenEducation: Lombard CollegeAwards: Three Pulitzer prizes, two for poetry (1919 and 1951) and one for history (1940) Early Life and Poetry Carl Sandburg was born January 6, 1878, in Galesburg, Illinois. He was educated in local schools, which he quit in his early teens to work as a laborer. He became a traveling worker, moving throughout the Midwest and developing a great appreciation for the region and its people. After joining the Army during the Spanish-American War, Sandburg returned to his education, enrolling in a college at Galesburg. During that period he wrote his first poetry. He worked as a journalist and as the secretary for the socialist mayor of Milwaukee from 1910 to 1912. He then moved to Chicago and took a job as an editorial writer for the Chicago Daily News. While working in journalism and politics he began writing poetry seriously, contributing to magazines. He published his first book, Chicago Poems, in 1916. Two years later he published another volume, Cornhuskers, which was followed after another two years by Smoke and Steel. A fourth volume, Slabs of the Sunburnt West, was published in 1922. Cornhuskers was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1919. He would later be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1951, for his Complete Poems. The cover of Life magazine features a close-up of American poet Carl August Sandburg (1878 - 1967), February 21, 1938. The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images His early poems have been called subliterary, as they tend to use common language and slang of the common people. With his early books he became known for his free verse that was rooted in the industrial Midwest. His plain manner of speaking and writing endeared him to the reading public and helped make him a celebrity. His poem Fog, was known to millions of Americans, and appeared often in schoolbooks. He had married Lillian Steichen, the sister of photographer Edward Steichen, in 1908. The couple had three daughters. The Lincoln Biography In 1926, Sandburg published the first volumes of what would become his massive biography of Abraham Lincoln. The project, which was originally conceived to be the story of Lincoln in Illinois, was influenced not only by Sandburgs own fascination with the Midwest, but with a circumstance of timing. Sandburg had known Civil War veterans and other local people who retained vivid memories of Lincoln. The college Sandburg attended had been the site of one of the 1858 Lincoln-Douglas debates. As a student, Sandburg came to know people who recalled attending the debate five decades earlier. Sandburg engaged in countless hours of research, seeking out Lincoln scholars and collectors. He assembled the mountain of material into artful prose that brought Lincoln to life on the page. The Lincoln biography eventually stretched into six volumes. After writing the two volumes of The Prairie Years, Sandburg felt compelled to continue, writing four volumes of The War Years. In 1940 Sandburgs Abraham Lincoln: The War Years was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for History. He eventually published an abridged edition of the Lincoln biography, and also shorter books on Lincoln for young readers. For many Americans of the mid-20th century, Carl Sandburg and Lincoln were somewhat inseparable. Sandburgs depiction of Lincoln was how countless Americans came to view the 16th president. Carl Sandburg eulogizing Lincoln at a joint session of Congress. Getty Images   Public Acclaim Sandburg put himself in front of the public, at times going on tour playing his guitar and singing folk songs. In the 1930s and 1940s he would appear on the radio, reading poems or essays hed written on American life. During World War II he wrote a regular column about life on the American home front which was carried in a number of newspapers. He continued to write and publish poetry throughout his life, but it was always his association with Lincoln that gained him the greatest respect from the public. On Lincolns 150th birthday, February 12, 1959, Sandburg enjoyed the very rare honor of addressing a joint session of Congress. From the podium in the chamber of the House of Representatives he spoke eloquently of Lincolns struggles during the Civil War and what Lincolns legacy meant to America. Carl Sandburg visiting President Kennedy in the Oval Office. Getty Images In October 1961, Sandburg visited Washington, D.C., from his farm in North Carolina, to help open an exhibit of Civil War artifacts. He stopped by the White House to visit President John F. Kennedy, and the two men spoke of history and, of course, Lincoln. Carl Sandburg died on July 22, 1967, at Flat Rock, North Carolina. His death was front-page news across America, and he was mourned by millions who felt as if they had known the unpretentious poet from the Midwest. Sources: Sandburg, Carl. Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of American Literature, vol. 4, Gale, 2009, pp. 1430-1433. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Allen, Gay Wilson. Sandburg, Carl 1878-1967. American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies, edited by Leonard Unger, vol. 3: Archibald MacLeish to George Santayana, Charles Scribners Sons, 1974, pp. 575-598. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Carl Sandburg. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 13, Gale, 2004, pp. 461-462. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Free sample - Corporate Labor Relations. translation missing

Corporate Labor Relations. Corporate Labor RelationsLabor relations are an expansive concept which mostly guides the relationships between employers and employees. While labor relations are mostly applied when the relationship involves employees in trade unions but also they can apply for those not in unions. Labor relations are integrated into a national policy on labor.   The government and a nation’s various regulations provide to the industry principles regarding the treatment of employees. In the United States of America, labor relations gained a huge boost with the passage of the National Labor Relations Act in the year 1935. The National Labor Relations Act gave most employees these rights. The case was upheld by the high court around the year 1937. The National Labor Relations Act 1935 also advocates for affirmative action. Affirmative action refers to an employer giving equal employment opportunities to the employees (Ackers, 2003; Kaufman, 2004). The employer is not supposed to discriminate the employees along whatever line be it race, color, religion, origin, sex, age, citizenship or even disability. Any discrimination based on whatever characteristics would be treated as a breach of labor relations and rights. Forms of breach of labor relations Many organizations in the US have for long time discriminated workers along the lines of race. Many organizations in the United States of America absorb whites at the expense of the black Americans. If all the unemployed black Americans were to replace the employed white workers only 1 per cent of the whites will be affected. This shows how important the affirmative action is and all the employers need to be compelled to adopt it. The other phenomenon of breach of the labor relations is captured in the poor working conditions. This means that they are not entitled to any benefits, their pay is poor and they cannot join the existing trade unions. With such working conditions, those casual workers operate as if they do not have rights. The labor relations call for employers to ensure job security for all their employees. Many organizations do not allow for permanent terms which require the employee to sign for appointment contract which stipulates the terms and conditions of the job including the grounds and arrangements upon which an employee can be laid off. Breach of labor relations is always illegal. This is because it violates human rights. It also breaks the law governing labor in the United States of America. As a result breach of labor relations is a civil case answerable in a court of law. National Labor Relations Act 1935 of the US has quite a number of options to deal with such case of breach of labor relations. One of the common options is by ensuring that the complainant is fully compensated for any damages. The compensation can be monetary or incase the employee was laid off to be reinstated. Another option is fining the organization and letting the fine go to the government’s kitty. The organization can also be compelled to adopt the regulation and execute it to all its employees. This will ensure that employees get more permanent terms, job security, better pays, form trade unions which can fight for their rights when need be. In conclusion, there are two broad forms which breach of labor relations can take. The first form of breach includes discrimination of the person along a given line For instance. color or race. This influences who gets a job and who does not. The other form is as a result of violating human rights For instance. poor working conditions.

Organisational Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisational Behaviour - Assignment Example Organizational behavior theories suggest that managers have to accomplish different organizational tasks through employees. As such motivating employees is one of the key tasks to be performed by the managers to ensure that the will to deliver the work and accomplish the organizational tasks remain high. In order to achieve any level of motivation, managers therefore have to offer certain explicit and intrinsic rewards to the employees to remain motivated. It is important to understand that motivation is not necessarily being related with the rewards of monetary nature but employees can be motivated through different other aspects of overall work too. Managers therefore must have to ensure that they understand the different motivational states of their employees to design and develop appropriate motivational strategies. (Rollinson, 2008.) Motivational States From the facts provided in the case study it could be assessed that the employees of both the organizations felt demotivated an d were unable to cope with the change. The employees of the Costwise specially seem to be at odds with the proposed changes in the culture as well as change in the management of the firm. Firstly, the managers at Costwise were relatively independent in terms of setting up some of the tactical moves for the stores. Hiring, setting up prices as well as managing the overall competition at local level was in the hands of the managers. With the takeover, however, this was not the case as Orton was highly centralized in terms of controlling and setting up each and every aspect of doing the business. This move from the de-centralized culture to a highly centralized... The overall situation described in the case study suggests that takeover has resulted into strong dissatisfaction for the employees. The lack of motivation therefore might have resulted into employee performance issue which could not allow the firm to actually profit from the takeover. It is also important to understand that the overall culture of the organization was highly centralized with most of the decision making taking place at the center. This has however, not been the case with the Costwise where managers were often involved in the decision making at the store level. This change in the way decisions were made therefore has also resulted into the strong motivation issues for the organization. In order to overcome such situation, it is important that Orton must redesign its compensation system to better accommodate the employees. There is an strong resentment within ex-Costwise employees that they are being paid less thus creating dissatisfaction as well as the lack of product ivity. This paper makes a conclusion that empowering the employees is also another important strategic move which can be undertaken to ensure that the employees perform to the best of their capabilities. This could be achieved by allowing more participation from the employees and making them part of the overall decision making process undertaken at the Orton. This could allow the employees to become more responsible and accountable for their work and decision.

Hackers are the true defenders of cyberspace Essay

Hackers are the true defenders of cyberspace - Essay Example There is a great divergence in the understanding of the role of hackers in modern cyberspace. While they are often considered to be criminals, breaking into computer systems to cause damage and engage in personal gain; most hackers are out there for the exact opposite reasons, to help the cyber-environment, and to do something they love. According to Wikipedia, "hacker is extended to mean a person who makes things work beyond perceived limits through their own technical skill." Hackers, then, strive to improve the internet for all users, and not damage or deface what currently exists. Hackers, not crackers (people whose primary goal is financial gain), are the true defenders of cyberspace, in that they work to uncover security flaws, attempt to regulate dangerous or immoral content, promote new technology and ideas, and strive to stop crackers from damaging critical cyber technology. By describing and proving each of the above concepts related to hackers and the defense of cyberspace , this essay seeks to prove that crackers, not hackers, are the primary threat to cyberspace; and that hackers, through their actions and love of technology, strive to and are successful at being the true defenders of cyberspace.All over the world, groups of hackers are gainfully employed as cyber cops, internet security, and virus stoppers. Everyday they find "cures" to hundreds of bugs, Trojan horses, and viruses that crackers and hackers have loosed on the cyber world. At the anti-virus firm Kaspersky, in Moscow, "woodpeckers" (young hackers) work in twelve hour shifts to protect the internet. In the media, they are called computer programmers. However, their job is to correct code, and to travel into crackers' computers to hunt out the source of these security breaches (Johnson 2006). Internet security requires hackers to learn not only how to fix the problems crackers cause, but also how to think like them, to understand not only the how but also the why of what the crackers do . The line between hacker (with a positive connotation) and hacker (with a negative connotation) is actually finite. They break into other people's computers, investigate personal files, and change the internet in thousands of ways. However, hackers only do it out of love for cyberspace, and a need to protect others, and strengthen the security of other people's systems. Crackers, (the group commonly called hackers in mainstream media) do the same; only they do it not just out of love, but also out of a desire for personal gain. For hackers, the need to learn to think like crackers is paramount. They are taught in classrooms how to think and behave like crackers, using the same tools to find a system's weakest points (School 2005). Yet few people would argue that these people are doing damage; instead, they are trying to strengthen security, and are called computer programmers by mainstream media. They use the same tools, and do the same actions. The only difference is the eventual goal: for hackers, to improve the internet, for crackers, to improve their wallet. Crackers not only go after financial gain for themselves, they also try to hurt others, a new wave called "cyber terrorism." Cyber terrorism is defined as "cyber terrorism is the premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents" (Federal Bureau of Investigations 2006). Crackers gain entrance into military and government sites, causing damage and defacing the sites. Cyber terrorism is considered one of the greatest new threats, and laws are popping up everywhere requiring jail time for these offenders. Yet their greatest skill is that of not being findable, at least not by laypersons. Instead, computer programmers are becoming cyber cops, searching out these criminals, and stopping dangerous attacks on data. These "cracks" into government security can only be

Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Information Systems - Essay Example The spare capacity if available can be used for different purposes. The remote hosting at the third-party facilities as well leads the company to the curtailing of the costs while maintaining the internal control over hardware, software and communications and keeping its established relationship with the third party. Hosting at the Surebridge’s facilities, on the other hand, has the advantage of sparing the customer worry about establishing and maintaining its own IS infrastructure, investing into hardware etc. Moreover, customer receives over-the-clock access to the monitoring tools and gets a dedicated manager who is well aware of the company’s specifics and recent history. To make a sound choice, more information about both the options and the company’s particular needs is desirable in order to successfully match one with another. On the Surebridge’s side, additional required information would include price, total cost of ownership, connectivity and speed of connection, security standards with regards to transfer and processing of the commercial data, set-up time, reliability of the back-up system and assurance of operations continuity, additional services provided. On the company’s side, it would be necessary to know whether its operations and needs are quite similar to those of other companies in the industry, or does it need the customized solutions and treatment. It is also important to know if the company already has a modern IS infrastructure and some trained personnel, or an agreement on hosting with a third party in place. Moreover, the required speed and volume of processing stemming out of the scope of the company’s operations and necessity of the computers and IT infrastructure to be deployed for other purposes should also be considered. A possibility to visit Sharebridge’s facilities would be an exciting experience. I would like to start by looking at the

Physical Therapist Assistant Essay Example for Free

Physical Therapist Assistant Essay In my experience as Physical Therapist Assistant, I have come to learn that physical therapy is a profession in health care division which deals with the restoration and maintenance of the movements and function of individuals who were disabled by aging, injury, diseases, or accidents. This profession involves constant interaction between physical therapist to patients/clients, doctors, families of patients, caregivers, and even communities. Physical Therapists ( PT) and Physical Therapist Assistants ( PTA) are required to study the history of their patients, results of the physical examinations of the patients performed by medical professionals, results of laboratory examinations and imaging studies of the patients, before the therapist can establish a management plan for the patient. We can practice in different settings such as outpatient clinics and offices, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, extended care facilities, private homes, education and research centers, schools, hospices, industrial workplaces, fitness centers and sport training facilities. We can also be assigned to different specialized section of the hospital we are working in, such as: cardiopulmonary where we handle patients with cardiopulmonary disorders or those who have undergone cardiac or pulmonary surgeries; geriatric or adult patients whose movements are affected by arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, Alzheimer diseases, hip and joint replacement, and balance disorders; neurological department where patients are afflicted with Alzheimer’s diseases, ALS, brain injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s diseases, spinal cord injury and stroke; orthopedic department whose patients have problems with their musculoskeletal system; We are also trained in treatment and management of infants, children and adolescents with congenital diseases, developmental, neuromuscular, skeletal and acquired disorders; while in pediatric department; and patients with wounds and burns in the intergumentary department. The educational requirements of Physical Therapist and Physical Therapist Assistant have not much difference in the subjects we have taken. Both PT s and PTAs are required to take General Biology, Psychology, Pharmacology, Patho-physiology, Medical Technology, and Human Electives. However, Physical Therapists have additional subjects such as Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology. I have also observed that this profession is more suitable to men than women. This is due to the fact that this profession calls for a lot of physical exertions such as carrying and assisting temporary invalid patients. It is also advisable to anyone who wants to enter this profession to be physically, mentally, and emotionally strong. Physically, in the sense that since we will be dealing patients whose movements are not well-coordinated due to their injuries or incapacities, they will be a lot heavier the ordinary people. We also have to be mentally and emotionally strong, as to be able to possess patience and perseverance in understanding the attitudes of the patients for they may prove difficult to handle due to their incapacities. Due to the differences in their curriculum and educational background, there are also differences in the job description between a physical therapist and a physical therapist assistant. Although they have to acquire licensure after graduation, the degree of the PT is in doctorate level while the PTA is that of an associate degree. In work area, they are both tasked with the assessment of patients, implementing the treatment of the patient, keeping and monitoring their patients’ records, communicating with patients as to the condition of their patients, and also communicating with other PT and selected healthcare professionals. However, the PT has more additional duties and obligations than the PTA. This includes the task of determining the plan care of the patient, the analysis of the evaluation and assessment results from physicians of the patients, establishing treatment goals for the patient, and managing various patient problems. The PT can assign the right tasks to the PTA and PT technicians while the PT can assign tasks to PT technicians only. Licensed PT and PTA are required to be a member of an association of physical therapist assistants such as the APTA or the American Physical Therapy Association. This association was first formed in 1921 and was called the American Women’s Physical Therapeutic Association. In the later part of 1930, this name was changed to American Physiotherapy Association and begun accepting male members. During World War II, the members of this association rose from 1,000 to 8,000 members due to greater demands for therapists. By 1940’s, it established its main office in New York, hired full-time staff, established a House of Delegates to create policies to be followed by its members, and changed its name to American Physical Therapy Association. From then on, the number of its members has swelled to more than 75,000 all over the United States. The main goal of APTA is to promote development and progress in physical therapy practice, research, and education. And assist its members in their problems regarding their work and profession. The mission of APTA is to improve the position in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the movement dysfunctions of patients. Aside from this, APTA also aimed to develop the functional abilities and health of the public. I have the privilege to interview a licensed physical therapist assistant and here are the excerpts: †¢ Why did you choose PT over other professions? I chose PT over some other profession for personal growth. You see ever since I was a child, I am very much fascinated by human anatomy. And because of this, I cannot afford to just sit back and see people suffer with their limited movements due to diseases and accidents. I then decided to take this course and profession to help people survive and rebuild their lives after their traumatic experience. Also PT has wider scope in theoretical and practical learning in school, and I want to see these principles and concepts being applied in the healthcare settings. †¢ What are the challenges involved in your profession? I find the way the interaction between the patients and me goes a big challenge. People are different. They have different attitudes, needs and wants, outlook, and so on. As such, it is very hard to interact with numerous patients everyday because the way you interact with one is not necessarily the way you would interact with the others. I mean, one patient would want to be pampered and spoiled while another would not want to be treated as if he or she was an invalid. Another challenge for me is how to motivate my patients for them to follow my instructions and the treatment plan I have propose to them. For a lot of people, the loss of functionality of one facility or skill could be very difficult to accept. Most of them would lose hope and sulk. This is, why as PT, I have to make him or her understand that we could still revive it, that we could still bring back that functionality or skill and that life can pretty much go back to normal. †¢ What advise do you give to those who aspire to become a PT like you? Well, for those who want to take up this profession, I advise them to be sure if this is really want they want in life; if they have compassion to other people specially those who are disabled. You see, this profession takes a lot of hard work†¦ physically, mentally and emotionally. One has to be patient enough in dealing with their patients, for cases handled by physical therapists require perseverance, hard work, and a lot of understanding. One must have flexible time in order to be able to attend to the needs and treatments of the patient. One must have the stamina in handling and assisting temporary disabled patients for they sure need a lot of help in their movements. One must also have the compassion to make the patient comfortable as much as possible, for mostly patients in this department are in a lot of pain with each movement they made. †¢ Is there anything you do to improve in your work? Oh yes, I do. As a matter of fact, I always update myself on any development with regards to the new treatment program being discovered by researcher in this department. I also attend seminars and study program abroad about the latest trend in giving therapy. I also keep myself well informed about the latest drug developed for patients in this area. †¢ How do you keep yourself fit and healthy in this kind of profession? As it is taxing and strenuous in this field of work, I take large doses of Vitamin C to strengthen my immune system, and multivitamins to give me this energy needed in assisting patients and treating their dysfunctions. And a lot of sleep, and most of all, clean living – meaning no smoking and drinking excess liquor, to maintain the balance needed. Works Cited â€Å"About APTA. † APTA. 2009. 09 February 2009 http://www. apta. com. â€Å"About the Profession: Physical Therapist Assistant. † Midlands Technical College. 2009. 09 February 2009 http://www. mtc. com â€Å"APTA History. † APTA. 2009. 09 February 2009. http://www. apta. com â€Å"Physical Therapy. † Wikipedia. 2009. 09 February 2009. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Physical therapy.

Essays --

On November 28th, 1942 a fire broke out in Cocoanut Grove nightclub in Boston. The fire killed approximately 492 people, injuring 166, and impacting numerous others (Cocoanut Grove Fire). This event became known as one of the deadliest nightclub fires of its time. The causes for such a devastating event can be analyzed using utilitarian ethics presented by John Stuart Mill. The decisions made by the owners of the nightclub will be evaluated as being right or wrong based on utilitarian theory. The utilitarian ethics theory in a nutshell basically states that â€Å"the good is the well-being of all, impartially considered (Riley 68).† What is emphasized in utilitarian theory is that the greatest good be produced for the greatest number of people. This brings up the question of what â€Å"good† actually is. Many utilitarian theorists believe there are two kinds of good, intrinsic and instrumental. Intrinsic good is good considered just by itself while all other things are instruments for gaining the intrinsic goods (Schinzinger 55). Mill believes that the only intrinsic good is happiness and thus the emphasis can be rewritten as the greatest happiness produced for the greatest number of people. In other words, happiness is basically the only thing desirable as an end in itself. However, once again we ask the question of what happiness really is. When explaining his utilitarian theory, Mill separates happiness into two types, the higher and the lower (Mill Ch.2 ). Mill defines the higher happiness as being that of humans including such qualities as justice, creativity, morality and nobility. On the other hand, the lower happiness is that which is associated with animals and is purely pleasure based. Using these two types of happiness, Riley c... ...at the owner did not act like Socrates dissatisfied but instead he acted like a fool. In other words, in this case the owner did not act like a smart man with dissatisfaction because of lack of money, but instead he acted like a fool with plenty of money. This fool believes that having more money is the ultimate happiness, when in reality it is only a stepping-stone towards happiness. In the aftermath of the Cocoanut Grove fire, building codes were amended by adding two outward-opening exit doors next to revolving doors, clearly marking exits that could be unlocked from within and keeping every exit unobstructed, requiring sprinklers and emergency lighting. (Boston Fire). However, due to poor decisions and management, the rapid spread of the fire and the intense heat & toxic smoke resulted in the majority of people inside the Grove to never have a chance to escape.

Lauching a Lebanese Beer Company Essay

Introduction 961 Beer has a fascinating history which illustrates to aspiring entrepreneurs that with hard work and determination, even crazy business ideas are able to succeed. At a time when building were being destroyed and the city of Beirut, Lebanon was in shambles, the founders of 961 Beer decided to move forward with founding Lebanon’s first craft brewing company – a surprising fact because this region of the world begin the tradition of brewing beer. As discussed below within the framework of a SWOT analysis, several factors contributed to the success of the company, and will play an integral part in the company’s future as it expands to meet demand. SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis is meant to drive a company into meaningful action to capitalize on its strengths to seize opportunities as well as protect itself from outside threats or internal weaknesses. Strengths 961 Beer is fortunate in that it benefits from several internal strengths. Organizationally, the company is simplistic: with few employees and condensed management, the company is able to benefit from the strong direction of a select few. In addition, the few people involved, particularly Hajjar and Henrik, have a passion for food and drink and enjoy the process of providing high quality wine to their customers. In addition, with less â€Å"baggage† the company is able to quickly innovate and adapt to changes in the customers tastes. Hajjar is also very passionate about food and wines of the region, leading to his dedication to the success of 961 Beer. He provides leadership that focuses more on the product itself, in order to ensure that it will be a beer that the Lebanese will be 1 proud off. As a recent CEO, Hajjar also appears to bring a substantial amount of capital to initially invest in the business. However, money runs out quickly, and now 961 Beer must pay for itself. The 961 Beer product line also has several strengths. The beer is of high quality because it was produced using only fresh ingredients and in small batches. The company is able to produce several new beer styles, and it heavily uses Lebanese products in brewing its beer. This gives 961 Beer a unique advantage over other beer options, and it attracts customers who are looking to try something new, all while support Lebanese products. Several areas of marketing also have specific strengths. 961 Beer was able to coin the catchphrase â€Å"Are you resistant to change? † which took off in a time when the country was suffering from the effects of war. â€Å"Change† is a simple idea that is very popular in a downtrodden country, and by associating itself with such a concept, 961 Beer is able to appeal to a large group of potential customers. To further this concept, the packaging is deliberately â€Å"under-designed† and meant to be seen as simplistic, pure, and natural, which will attract customers interested in such aesthetic characteristics. The pub is also strategically placed in Beirut’s bustling nightlife scene. This helps to increase 931 Beer recognition and build brand loyalty among new customers. The pub also helps to provide as a gathering place for people to come and education themselves about the brewing process and try various types of beer. Weaknesses Like most entrepreneurs, 961 Beer was started by founders who had very little idea of what they were doing. By trial and error, Hajjar was able to brew batches of beer in his kitchen for several months until the beer began to improve. Although 2 Organizationally, the company is operating at capacity and is simply unable to produce any more for its additional customers. Also, it does not appear that 931 Beer is able to adequately predict how much demand is set to grow. Because the company is still new, there is little money for expensive advertising. This means that customers will be less mainstream, and more trendy, with the ability to follow the latest trends on the internet. Opportunities 961 Beer is the first craft beer in Lebanon in recent memory, even though Lebanon has a history in beer brewing. Education of customers leads to a fun, exciting experience that allows customers to â€Å"experience change† by trying more types of 961 Beer. This opportunity to provide a personal touch will give customers a lasting positive impression of 961 Beer. Personal interaction with customers allows the company to collect feedback on its beers and make adjustments. Customers are interested in supporting companies that heavily use Lebanese products. Particularly when the country is plagued by war, providing people the opportunity to work and be part of 931 Beer is a great way to create loyal customers. Advertising on social media is an effective way of reaching the younger, trendier crowd that is more along the lines of who is frequenting the bars and drinking on a regular basis. Threats Clearly, the colossal threat to the company’s survival is the place of its headquarters. Lebanon is routinely in wartimes, and has been through several wars with neighboring countries ever since 961 Beer began in 2006. Unfortunately, visitor levels to the 961 Bar decrease when conflict increases, which makes sales plummet. The competitive environment is monopolistic. The local beer market was monopolized by Almaza, which was acquired in 2002 by Heineken. In total, Heineken 3 controlled about 70% of the local beer market at the time 961 Beer was founded. With so much power, Heineken has pricing power that 961 Beer cannot match. Other bars became more reluctant to sell 961 Beer because the bar was seen as a threat to their own business. 961 Beer will need to befriend these bars and show them that the bars can enjoy more success by joining 961 rather than going against them. Many customers are not accustomed to drinking anything besides commercially processed, mass-produced beer from large competitors. This means that 961 Beer must educate their customers about the different types of beers and convince them to try 961 Beer. Evaluation Plan: Expand outside of Lebanon Based on the analysis performed above, it is clear that 961 Beer must expand out of Beirut, Lebanon in order to remain successful. While this will increase the risk of lesser quality or require the use of non-Lebonese products, expansion is required to ensure the company’s long-term success. Several steps must be taken before the expansion, all while 961 Beer continues to grow business in Beirut and manage bar operations. First, 961 Beer must address its capacity issues. 961 Beer seems to have had some difficulty in predicting the amount of beer it needs to brew in order to meet the growing demand. An analysis of their books will be helpful to garner a better idea of what demand will look like in the future, accounting for their company’s growth rate. Next, 961 Beer needs to establish relationships with businesses in neighboring cities and countries. Bottling and shipping beer from Lebanon is unrealistic with high likelihood of war, so 961 Beer will need to establish microbreweries within these other locations. Quality can still be maintained by ensuring that Lebanese ingredients are still used in the brew, but costs can be recuperated by charging customers in those 4 countries a higher premium for the same beer. Finally, 961 Beer needs to join international beer festivals in other countries in order to garner worldwide interest and to further increase recognition and demand among worldwide customers. There are several major risks that could undermine this plan for expansion. Clearly, the largest threat to 961 Beer is the ongoing threat of war in Lebanon and neighboring countries. Unfortunately, there is little to nothing that can be done to stop this threat. Without expanding into other countries, a war in Lebanon could wipe out the entire company. However, as discussed above, 961 Beer can minimize this risk by establishing separate microbreweries in other countries so that there is no single source where 961 Beer is brewed. Nonetheless, establishing other microbreweries increases another risk: the risk of uneven and unequal quality. 961 Beer can lessen this risk by brewing its â€Å"brewmaster’s select† along with seasonal beers to appeal to customers in the new countries. 5.